Danino et al. Programmable probiotics for detection of cancer in urine. Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 27; 7(289): 289ra84. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3519. Scientists have used synthetic biology in an ingenious way to detect cancer in the urine. They took a harmless strain of E. coli that colonizes the liver and programmed it into an orally administered diagnostic device that can non-invasively indicate the presence of liver metastasis by producing a luminescent signal, detectable using simple urine test. To turn this probiotic E. coli (Nissle 1917) into a diagnostic device, the scientists engineered the cells to express the LacZ reporter gene that cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Th
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